Juturna Water Filters Georgia
What’s an oxidation state?
When an element or compound is dissolved in water, it’s in the ionic form, meaning the element or compound carries either a positive or negative charge. Ions that are positively charged (one or more electrons have been removed) are known as cations. Negatively charged ions (one or more electrons have been added) are known as anions. The charge of an element or compound can affect its toxicity in the human body as well as its solubility (how well it dissolves) in water.
Bromide
How it enters water:
- Is a naturally occurring element and can enter water via environmental contact with it.
- Wastewater discharges from fossil fuel extraction operations
Health effects include:
- ntal contact
- Can also enter water via agricultural runoff, partially treated or untreated sewage, and from some types of fertilizers
Health effects include:
- High levels of phosphates in the body can cause tissue damage and impair kidney function
http://www.water-research.net/index.php/phosphate-in-water
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120105/
Arsenic
How it enters water:
- Is a naturally occurring element and can enter water via environmental contact.
- Can also enter water as runoff from industrial or agricultural operations.
Health effects include:
- Acute arsenic exposure can cause vomiting, nausea, loss of feeling in extremities and in extreme cases, death
- Chronic arsenic exposure can cause changes in skin, cancer, developmental interference, diabetes and cardiovascular disease
How to remove:
- Anion exchange
- Manganese greensand
- Iron based media coated with iron oxide
- Reverse Osmosis
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/disease/arsenic.html
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs372/en/
Beryllium
How it enters water:
- Is a naturally occurring element and enters water via environmental contact
- Can also enter water via industrial runoff and fossil fuel combustion
- Is primarily detected in surface water, but in very low concentrations because most forms are insoluble
Health effects include:
- Little to no health effects of concern have been found in relation to beryllium
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
- Activated alumina
https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/dwgb/documents/dwgb-3-.pdf
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/beryllium_in_drinking2.pdf
Cadmium
How it enters water:
- Cadmium primarily enters water via mining other industrial processes, the use of phosphate fertilizers, and when acidic water comes into contact with pipes containing cadmium
Health effects include:
- Cancer, kidney disease and bone diseases
How to remove:
- Coagulation with filtration
- Reverse Osmosis
- Lime softening
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=6&po=5
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cadmium/healtheffects.html
Chromium
How it enters water:
- Is a naturally-occurring element and enters water via environmental contact
- Also enters water as an industrial waste
Health effects include:
- Chromium has 2 oxidation states: 3+ and 6+
- Chromium 3 is an essential nutrient and found in many fruits and vegetables
- Chromium 6 is not found in plants and is a powerful carcinogen
How to remove:
- Both chromium 3 and chromium 6 can be removed via reverse osmosis
- Chromium 3 can be removed by strong acid cation resins
- Chromium 6 can be removed by strong base anion resins
https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2016_Chromium.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/chromium-drinking-water
Copper
How it enters water:
- Copper is a naturally occurring element and exists in water at very low levels
- High levels of copper in water are the results of mining, agriculture, and manufacturing
- Acidic water can corrode copper pipes
Health effects include:
- Humans need a small amount of dietary copper to survive
- However, at high levels, copper can cause problems with blood nutrient balance, the digestive system and the liver
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
- Cation exchange
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/disease/copper.html
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=37
Lead
How it enters water:
- Lead almost never occurs naturally in water
- Lead in drinking water usually comes from the corrosion of pipes containing lead
Health effects include:
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Negative systemic effects for:
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Cardiovascular system
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Neurological system
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Digestive system
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Hematological (blood forming) system
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Musculoskeletal system
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Reproductive system
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- Lead is especially dangerous for children, because it can hinder both physical and neurological development
- Lead is listed as a probable human carcinogen
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
- Solid block and precoat adsorption filters
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/disease/lead.html
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=22
Magnesium
How it enters water:
- A naturally occurring element that enters water via environmental contact
Health effects include:
- No adverse human health effects at the levels present in water
- However, contributes to water hardness
How to remove:
- Cation exchange water softeners
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/magnesium/magnesium-and-water.htm
Calcium
How it enters water:
- A naturally occurring element that enters water via environmental contact
Health effects include:
- No adverse human health effects at the levels present in water
- However, contributes to water hardness
How to remove:
- Cation exchange water softeners
Silicon
How it enters water:
- Is a naturally-occurring element and part of a lot of different minerals. Degradation of silicon-containing minerals can cause silicon to be released into water
Health effects include:
- No adverse health effects are observed at the levels silicon is present in water
- Additionally, silicon in water does not have the same physical properties as silicon dusts, so it does not cause lung cancer or respiratory irritation
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
- Strong base anion exchange
Sodium
How it enters water:
- Sodium salts are very soluble and naturally occurring, so it is present in some amount in most water sources
- Sodium compounds are used in many industrial applications
Health effects include:
- Sodium is an essential nutrient but at too high of levels in the body it can elevate blood pressure and increase risk for infection
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/sodium/sodium-and-water.htm
Molybdenum
How it enters water:
- Is a naturally-occurring element and enters water via environmental contact, is not usually present at levels above 10µg/L
- Areas near molybdenum mining operations tend to have much higher levels present in surface waters
Health effects include:
- At high levels, molybdenum is toxic to the liver
- A trace levels, it is considered an “essential nutrient”
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/molybdenum.pdf
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/mo.htm
Phosphorus total
How it enters water:
- Most commonly found as phosphates in the environment
- Naturally occurring and enter water via environmental contact
- White phosphorus or “pure” phosphorous” can be released at high concentrations from industrial operations
Health effects include:
- White phosphorus is very poisonous to humans
- Too high levels of phosphates can cause kidney problems
Vanadium
How it enters water:
- Vanadium is never found unbound in nature
- Bound vanadium compounds, known as vanadates, are very soluble and readily enter surface waters. The oxidations state of vanadates is 5+.
Health effects include:
- Vanadium at its highest oxidation state (5+) is toxic and can cause:
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-
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Cardiovascular disease
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Damage to nervous system
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Bleeding of liver and kidneys
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-
How to remove:
- There are no current approved methods to remove vanadium, although ioAt low levels there is no toxicity
How it can be removed:
- Reverse osmosis
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/Fourth_Edition_Bromide_Final_January_2010.pdf
https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/merrimackstation/pdfs/Comments2RevisedDraftPermit/VanBriesenReport.pdf
Fluoride
How it enters water:
- Added to municipally-treated water
- Is a naturally-occurring element and can enter water via environmental contact
Health effects include:
- Loss of minerals from teeth and bones (fluorosis)
How it can be removed:
- Reverse osmosis
- Strong base anion exchange
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/fluoride.pdf
Orthophosphate
How it enters water:
- It can be produced through natural processes and enter water via environmental contact
- Can also enter water via agricultural runoff, partially treated or untreated sewage, and from some types of fertilizers
Health effects include:
- High levels of phosphates in the body can cause tissue damage and impair kidney function
http://www.water-research.net/index.php/phosphate-in-water
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120105/
Barium
How it enters water:
- Primarily enters water because of its use in industrial processes
Health effects
- If present in lower concentrations and water, can cause:
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Breathing difficulty
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increased blood pressure
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Changes in heart beat
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stomach irritation
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muscle weakness
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changes in nerve reflexes
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swelling of brains and liver
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- If present in high amounts in water, barium can cause paralysis and death
How to remove:
- Cation exchange
- Reverse osmosis
Boron
How it enters water:
- A naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in surface water as well as groundwater
- Can be released at high concentrations by industries that use it in production
Health effects include:
- Negative effects on stomach, intestines, kidney, liver and brain at high levels
How to remove:
- Activated carbon filter
- Strong base anion exchange
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=452&tid=80
https://www.aquapurefilters.com/contaminants/112/borate-boron.html
Aluminum
How it enters water:
- A naturally occurring element and leaches into water from rock and soil deposits
Health effects include:
- Negative effects for dialysis patients
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_Aluminum.pdf
Strontium
How it enters water:
- Occurs naturally at low levels in air, water and soil
- Water from bedrock aquifers that have high strontium composition will have higher concentrations
- A contaminant from phosphate fertilizers
Health effects include:
- In infants and children, high levels of strontium can interfere with tooth and bone growth
- In adults, high levels of strontium are linked to bone cancer and leukemia
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
http://www.drinktap.org/water-info/whats-in-my-water/strontium.aspx
Silver
How it enters water:
- Leaches from soil into water
- Used as a bacteriostat in water treatment devices
Health effects include:
- In the levels silver is found in water, it can cause argyria, which is discoloration of skin, hair and/or various organs
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
- Strong acid cation exchange
https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2015_Silver.pdf
Nitrates/Nitrites
How it enters water:
- Naturally occurring compounds that enter water via erosion of deposits
- Can be present in water at higher levels if the water has come into contact with fertilizers, human sewage, or livestock manure
Health effects include:
- Blue baby syndrome
- Most negative health effects occur in infants 6 months or younger
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
- Nitrate selective anion exchange resins
https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_NitrateNitrite.pdf
Potassium
How it enters water:
- Like sodium, potassium is naturally occurring and very soluble
- Higher concentrations of potassium may be found in water near agricultural or industrial operations
Health effects include:
- At very high concentrations in the body, potassium causes arrhythmia (inconsistent heartbeat)
How to remove:
- Reverse osmosis
Manganese
How it enters water:
- Naturally occurring element that enters water via environmental contact
- Can also enter water as the result of mining activity
Health effects include:
- At high exposure levels, there are potential negative neurological effects, though causation has not been reliably established
How to remove:
- Oxidation filtration, such as the use of Greensand Plus media
https://extension.psu.edu/iron-and-manganese-in-private-water-systems
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/manganese.pdf
Iron
How it enters water:
- Naturally occurring element that enters water via environmental contact
- Can also enter water as the result of mining activity
Health effects include:
- Iron is an essential nutrient
- At high concentrations in the body, however, it can cause death
How to remove:
- Oxidation filtration, such as the use of Greensand Plus media
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron.pdf
https://extension.psu.edu/iron-and-manganese-in-private-water-systems